نوع مقاله : ادبیات فنی محیطزیست
نویسندگان
1 گروه محیطزیست طبیعی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران
2 موسسه کسب و کار اجتماعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
This study presents a conceptual and comparative analysis of two fundamental approaches in environmental practice and policy —environmental management and governance. Despite their interconnection, these frameworks differ significantly in their philosophical orientations, institutional structures, and functional mechanisms. Using an analytical–descriptive methodology and a review of the literature from 2015 to 2025, the research elucidates the theoretical and practical distinctions between environmental management and governance. The findings showed that environmental governance emphasizes multi-level institutional architectures, participatory processes, and decision-making legitimacy, while environmental management focuses on technical instruments, operational systems, and organizational performance optimization. However, these approaches are not mutually exclusive; rather, they function as complementary dimensions of effective environmental practice. Governance provides the institutional legitimacy and strategic direction necessary for implementation, whereas management operationalizes these objectives through measurable and systematic actions. The analysis further demonstrates that the quality of governance directly enhances management effectiveness through institutional clarity, adequate resource allocation, accountability mechanisms, and the promotion of social learning. Moreover, the dynamic interaction between governance and management—mediated by adaptive learning and innovation cycles—contributes to greater institutional resilience and policy coherence. Ultimately, the study underscores the necessity of strategically integrating governance frameworks and management systems to improve environmental performance and advance coherent, context-sensitive environmental decision-making.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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