An Introduction to Social-Ecological Systems: Frameworks and Key Concepts

Articles in Press

Document Type : Review

Authors

1 Department of Natural Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

2 Department of Natural Environmental, Faculty of Natural Resources, University College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.

3 Metrology Research Group, Quality Assessment and Management Systems Research Center, Standard Research Institute, Karaj 31585-163, Iran.

Abstract

Socio-ecological systems (SESs) represent intricate interactions between human and natural systems. Characterized by uncertainty, non-linear feedbacks, cross-scale interactions, self-organization, and emergence. These systems exhibit behavior governed by chaotic and catastrophic models. Consequently, understanding and identifying the components and interactions within SES is crucial for sustainable natural resource management. Various frameworks have been developed to identify and analyze SESs. When describing SESs, the hierarchical and nested structure of both subsystems is very important. The link between these two subsystems is established through human knowledge and understanding of the ecological subsystem, coupled with the management actions that humans take. Diagnostic approaches in this field, by identifying human and natural units and assemblages alongside system interactions, contribute to comprehending the complexity of SESs. And lead to effective management of resources, including commons. In social-ecological systems, slow and fast variables, and exogenous controls influence the structure and dynamics of the system. Also, stabilizing and reinforcing feedbacks largely control how a system responds to change. Understanding the complexity and interactions of social-ecological systems is essential for effective management of natural resources and building resilience to disturbances and shocks.

Keywords

Zist Sepehr Student Magazine

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 17 June 2025

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