A Framework for Sustainability: Investigating Safe and Just Boundaries of the Earth System

Document Type : Review

Authors

1 Department of Natural Environment, Faculty, of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

2 Social Business Institute, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

3 Professor, Department of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous Regions, Faculty of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

Abstract

The concept of Safe and Just Earth System Boundaries is a scientific framework that integrates environmental sustainability and social justice into a unified structure, aiming both to preserve the ecological stability of the planet and to prevent harm to the welfare of humans and other species. This framework was introduced in 2023 by Rockström and colleagues, and it is based on the idea that human activities must not exceed limits that simultaneously threaten the health of the Earth system and exacerbate social inequalities. This research seeks to examine the key components and the concept of Safe and Just Earth System Boundaries, as well as the current status of this framework, including an analysis of the impacts of human activities on safe boundaries and considerations of justice. Findings indicate that at present, key components such as climate change, biosphere integrity, freshwater cycles, nutrient cycles, and aerosol pollution have already surpassed globally acceptable standards. The Safe and Just Earth System Boundaries framework provides a quantitative basis for conservation global commons, contributes to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, and carries implications for policymaking and governance. Ultimately, this framework offers a comprehensive approach to achieving sustainable development by balancing environmental limits with social needs, and it emphasizes the importance of integrating justice into environmental governance.

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Zist Sepehr Student Magazine
Volume 18, Issue 3
December 2025
Pages 120-127

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